Language editing focuses on clarity, grammar, and academic tone. It ensures that the manuscript communicates findings accurately and is understandable to an international audience of clinicians, researchers, and policy professionals.

• Grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure
• Consistency in terminology and abbreviations
• Clarity of methods, results, and conclusions
• Alignment with academic writing conventions
• Improved readability while preserving scientific meaning

Editing improves clarity and flow across sections, while proofreading focuses on surface-level errors such as spelling and punctuation. For aging research, editing is particularly helpful when complex clinical outcomes or care pathways are described and must be communicated precisely.

Proofreading is appropriate for near-final manuscripts, whereas editing can help earlier drafts become more cohesive and easier for reviewers to evaluate.

• Inconsistent terminology for patient groups or care settings
• Ambiguous descriptions of methods, measures, or outcomes
• Overuse of jargon may limit interdisciplinary understanding
• Redundant phrases that obscure main findings

Authors may consider editing support if English is not their primary language, if a manuscript involves complex clinical or statistical reporting, or if prior reviews requested improvements in clarity. Editing can also help standardize style for multi-author manuscripts.

Language editing is optional and does not influence editorial decisions. All manuscripts are evaluated on scientific quality, ethics, and relevance to aging research and healthcare.

Research teams often include clinicians, social scientists, and public health professionals with different writing conventions. Editing helps align tone and terminology so that findings are clear to all reader groups. For international authors, editing can reduce language-related barriers and improve the flow of complex clinical narratives.

Language editing does not change the scientific content of a paper or guarantee acceptance. It does not replace peer review or substantive methodological guidance. Authors remain responsible for the accuracy of data, analyses, and conclusions.

Editors can help align manuscripts with the journal structure described in the Instructions for Authors. This includes ensuring that required sections are present and that tables, figures, and references follow journal expectations.

Authors should also verify that the manuscript includes a Data Availability Statement, ethics approval details, and any required reporting checklists.

• Confirm that the title reflects the main outcome or population
• Use consistent terms for conditions, interventions, and settings
• State study limitations and practical implications clearly
• Ensure figures and tables are referenced in the text

To request language editing or formatting assistance, contact the editorial office with your manuscript title and a brief description of your needs. You will receive guidance on the available service options and the steps required to proceed.

For best results, submit a complete draft that includes all sections, figures, and tables. This allows editors to improve flow and clarity throughout the manuscript.